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On July 16, 1945, at 5:29 in the morning, the first atomic bomb in history exploded in the Jornada del Muerto desert in New Mexico in the test known as Trinity. The device generated an explosion equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT and a fireball visible 320 kilometres away. The world had just entered the nuclear age, which would change international relations forever.

On July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket lifted off from Cape Kennedy carrying astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins aboard Apollo 11, bound for the Moon. Four days later, on July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin landed in the Sea of Tranquility, and Armstrong spoke the most famous words in space exploration: "One small step for man…"

On July 16 and 17, 1942, the French police — without German intervention — arrested 13,152 Jews in Paris, including 4,115 children, and held them in the Vélodrome d'Hiver. Most were deported to Auschwitz, from which almost no one returned. The Vel d'Hiv Roundup was the largest act of collaboration by the French state with the Holocaust and was not officially acknowledged until 1995.