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On March 31, 1889, the Eiffel Tower was inaugurated in Paris, built by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the Universal Exposition of that year. At 330 metres tall, it was the world's tallest structure for 41 years. Initially criticised as an "iron giraffe" and an "unsightly umbrella", it has become the world's most visited monument and a universal symbol of France and Paris.

On March 31, 1596, philosopher and mathematician René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, France — father of modern rationalism and author of "Cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"). Descartes founded analytic geometry, relating algebra to geometry through the Cartesian coordinate system, and his mind-body dualism influenced all subsequent Western philosophy.

On March 31, 1685, composer George Frideric Handel was born in Halle, Germany — who together with Bach (born the same year) is considered the greatest exponent of musical Baroque. His most famous work, the oratorio "Messiah" (1741), with the celebrated "Hallelujah" chorus, is one of the most performed compositions in history. Handel spent most of his life in London, where he was adopted as a national composer.