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On October 7, 1571, the fleet of the Holy League — formed by Spain, Venice and the Pope — defeated the Ottoman armada at the Battle of Lepanto in the Gulf of Patras. It was the largest naval battle of the sixteenth century and halted Ottoman expansion in the western Mediterranean. Miguel de Cervantes took part in the battle and lost the use of his left hand.

On October 7, 2001, the United States and the United Kingdom launched Operation Enduring Freedom, bombing Taliban regime positions in Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks. The intervention toppled the Taliban government within weeks, but triggered a war that lasted twenty years and became the longest armed conflict in US history.

On October 7, 1885, physicist Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen — one of the fathers of quantum mechanics. His 1913 atomic model — which introduced the concept of quantum electron jumps — revolutionised modern physics. He won the Nobel Prize in 1922 and contributed to the Manhattan Project, though he later advocated for international control of nuclear weapons.